This is a tax-refund suit brought by Reverend Joseph J. Kleinsasser on behalf of himself and his now-deceased wife, Susie Kleinsasser. Reverend Kleinsasser (hereinafter "taxpayer") is a member of a tax-exempt religious organization that is subject to taxation in accordance with I.R.C. Sec. 501(d). Taxpayer argues that he is entitled to the investment tax credit provided by I.R.C. Sec. 38(a) on his 1972 and 1973 tax returns. The court below granted the Government's motion for summary judgment. Kleinsasser v. United States, 522 F. Supp. 460 (D.Mont.1981). Reluctantly, we affirm.I. Background

The taxpayer is a member of the Milford Colony in Wolf Creek, Montana. Milford Colony is an incorporated Hutterite community and a unit of the Hutterische Church Society. This society, which dates back to the early 1500's, is an organization of Protestant Christians who live a communal life in colonies of between 80 and 100 members. There are over 30 such colonies in Montana. Colony members take a vow of poverty and engage in agricultural pursuits. Since the individual Hutterites have no personal property, all expenses, both communal and individual, are paid out of a common treasury.

The Hutterites do not vote, but they do participate in civic activities that do not conflict with their religion. They do not accept old age pensions, social security payments and the like from the government because they choose to care for their own aged and disabled. The Hutterites accept the legitimacy of taxation and have a consistent record as conscientious taxpayers.

Religious communities such as Milford Colony are tax exempt under I.R.C. Sec. 501(d), which provides:

The following organizations are referred to in subsection (a) [which allows tax exemption]: Religious or apostolic associations or corporations, if such associations or corporations have a common treasury or community treasury, even if such associations or corporations engage in business for the common benefit of the members, but only if the members thereof include (at the time of filing their returns) in their gross income their entire pro rata shares, whether distributed or not, of the taxable income of the association or corporation for such year. Any amount so included in the gross income of a member shall be treated as a dividend received.

Accordingly, members of Sec. 501(d) organizations file individual tax returns, and pay income tax on their pro rata shares of organization income. The organization itself must file a partnership tax return, even though it pays no tax. Treas.Reg. Sec. 1.6033-2(e).

I.R.C. Sec. 38(a) allows an investment tax credit for certain acquisitions of depreciable property. Such property is called "section 38 property." Farm equipment and machinery purchased by the Colony in 1972 and 1973 would have definitely qualified for the Sec. 38(a) credit but for I.R.C. Sec. 48(a)(4). Section 48(a)(4) excludes from section 38 property treatment "[p]roperty used by an organization ... which is exempt from the tax imposed by this chapter [i.e., the income tax]" unless the property is used in "an unrelated trade or business the income of which is subject to tax under section 511." Taxpayer's refund-suit contention is that Sec. 48(a)(4) does not preclude a member of a Sec. 501(d) organization from taking a pro rata tax credit on otherwise qualifying Colony purchases.

Taxpayer's argument for allowance of a pro rata share of an investment tax credit may be summarized as follows: When Congress excluded property used by tax-exempt organizations from Sec. 38(a) tax-credit treatment, it did not mean to deny tax credits to taxpaying members of Sec. 501(d) organizations. This is because Sec. 501(d) organizations are actually partnerships, and should be taxed accordingly. Eligibility for tax credits is also established by reference to the congressional intent behind both the tax credits and the reasons for excluding property used by tax-exempt organizations from Sec. 38(a) investment tax-credit treatment.

This argument fails because of the unambiguous language of the relevant statutes and regulations.

A. Characterization of Section 501(d) Organizations

Section 501(d) was intended to provide tax relief for religious organizations that have a common or communal treasury. Without Sec. 501(d), the income of a religious corporation such as the Milford Colony would be subject to the regular corporate income tax at the corporate level, and, if distributed to organization members, the individual income tax at the shareholder level. If the corporate income were not distributed, the corporation would pay both the corporate income tax and the accumulated earnings tax. Section 501(d) eliminates the corporate level of taxation and leaves a single tier of individual income taxation. The scanty legislative history suggests that this single tier of taxation was believed to be the fair way to tax members of Sec. 501(d) organizations.1

Taxpayer argues that Sec. 501(d) creates a form of partnership. As such, the members of a Sec. 501(d) organization should be taxed as partners. Although the Sec. 501(d) organization itself is tax exempt, the individual members are not, and are thus not precluded from taking advantage of the Sec. 38(a) investment tax credit.

Taxpayer advances a variety of arguments to compel the conclusion that Sec. 501(d) organizations are, in fact, partnerships. He stresses that the Internal Revenue Service has tacitly deemed Sec. 501(d) organizations to be partnerships by requiring them to file partnership tax returns. By contrast, all Sec. 501(c) tax-exempt organizations (charitable organizations) file a special Form 990 return. Treas.Reg. Sec. 1.6033-2(a). The liability for members of Sec. 501(d) organizations is determined through application of partnership accounting principles. Even this court once suggested that Congress intended to create "an association somewhat akin to the ordinary association or partnership in which each member has a definite, though undivided, interest in the business conducted for the common benefit of the members, as well as a common interest in the community treasury and property," although these comments were labeled "gratuitous remarks." Riker v. Commissioner, 244 F.2d 220, 230 (9th Cir.) (discussing the 1939 Code predecessor of Sec. 501(d)), cert. denied, 355 U.S. 839, 78 S. Ct. 50, 2 L. Ed. 2d 51 (1957). Accordingly, taxpayer argues that he should be treated as a partner of an ordinary partnership and allowed his pro rata share of an investment tax credit.

There is no question that Sec. 501(d) organizations bear a fair resemblance to that entity known as a partnership. But under the applicable statutes, Sec. 501(d) organizations simply cannot be characterized as partnerships.

The mere filing of a partnership return does not turn a Sec. 501(d) organization into a partnership. Blume v. Gardner, 262 F. Supp. 405, 413-14 (W.D.Mich.1966), aff'd, 397 F.2d 809 (6th Cir.1968). The partnership tax return allows the Internal Revenue Service to determine how much income must be reported by organization members. It is not a concession of partnership status.

More substantively, the Code defines "partnership" in such a way that Milford Colony cannot possibly qualify:

The term "partnership" includes a syndicate, group, pool, joint venture, or other unincorporated organization, through or by means of which any business, financial operation, or venture is carried on, and which is not, within the meaning of this title, a trust or estate or a corporation; and the term "partner" includes a member in such a syndicate, group, pool, joint venture, or organization.

I.R.C. Sec. 7701(a)(2) (emphasis added). The Milford Colony was organized as a Montana corporation on November 26, 1946, and has remained incorporated since. A corporation cannot be a partnership for federal income tax purposes. See O'Neill v. United States, 410 F.2d 888, 893 (6th Cir.1969); United States v. Empey, 406 F.2d 157, 170 (10th Cir.1969). Additionally, there is evidence that Congress intended to treat Sec. 501(d) organizations as corporations. Section 501(d) itself describes the pro rata share allocated to each member as "dividend." The Internal Revenue Service has previously concluded that this language prevented the membership share from being considered a partnership share. Rev.Rul. 58-328, 1958-1 C.B. 327, 328-29.

Moreover, corporate status has conferred specific benefits upon Milford Colony. Were the Colony a partnership, the members might have to pay self-employment tax. As dividend recipients, the members do not have to pay this tax. Rev.Rul. 58-328, supra. This advantage accompanies all the usual benefits of corporate form that accrue to an entity (although limited liability is of little use to members of a community who have pooled all of their property into the corporate treasury). It is well established that corporate form is not to be disregarded for tax purposes unless the corporation is created for illegitimate purposes or conducts no business activities. See, e.g., Moline Properties, Inc. v. Commissioner, 319 U.S. 436, 438-40, 63 S. Ct. 1132, 1133-35, 87 L. Ed. 1499 (1943); Sherwin v. United States, 320 F.2d 137, 155 (9th Cir.1963), cert. denied, 375 U.S. 964, 84 S. Ct. 482, 11 L. Ed. 2d 414 (1964); Esmond Mills v. Commissioner, 132 F.2d 753, 755-56 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 319 U.S. 770, 63 S. Ct. 1432, 87 L. Ed. 1718 (1943).

B. Application of Section 48(a)(4) to Section 501(d)

Even if the members of Milford Colony could be considered partners in a partnership, they would still be precluded from taking an investment tax credit on the Colony's 1972 and 1973 purchases of farm equipment. The investment tax credit may only be taken on section 38 property. I.R.C. Sec. 48(a)(4) states that property "used" by a tax-exempt organization may be treated as section 38 property only if the property was used "in an unrelated trade or business the income of which is subject to tax." Treas.Reg. Sec. 1.48-1(j) defines property "used" by a tax-exempt organization as "(1) property owned by the organization ...."2 Taxpayer stipulated, and the lower court found, 522 F. Supp. at 462, that the farm equipment was not used in an unrelated trade or business. (Regarding the logic of this finding, see infra pp. 1028-1029.) The lower court further found that the farm equipment was purchased and owned by Milford Colony, Inc., a tax-exempt organization. 522 F. Supp. at 462-63. So, even if the members of Milford Colony were to be considered taxable partners, they could not take a tax credit on the Colony's purchases of farm equipment because property owned by a tax-exempt organization and not used in an unrelated business is not section 38 property.

Taxpayer seeks to avoid the force of this argument through analogy to Xerox Corp. v. United States, 656 F.2d 659 (Ct.Cl.1981). Xerox concerned I.R.C. Sec. 48(a)(5), which states, inter alia, that property used by the United States may not be treated as section 38 property. The Internal Revenue Service had disallowed Xerox's claim for an investment tax credit on machines it had apparently leased to the government. Xerox conceded that if the machines were in fact leased to the government, they would not qualify as section 38 property. However, Xerox argued, and the Court of Claims so held, that the machines were not leased, but rather provided to the government as an integral part of a copying service. 656 F.2d at 677. Treas.Reg. Sec. 1.48-1(k), parallel to Sec. 1.48-1(j), defines property used by the government as property owned or leased by the government. Since Xerox's machines were neither owned nor leased by the government, I.R.C. Sec. 48(a)(5) did not exclude them from treatment as section 38 property. There is nothing in this factual holding by the Court of Claims to support taxpayer's assertion that the court should look past the undisputed ownership of property by tax-exempt Milford Colony and find that the express language of Treas.Reg. Sec. 1.48-1(j) should be ignored.

C. Legislative History and Purpose of the Section 38(a)

Investment Tax Credit and the Section 48(a)(4)

Taxpayer's only remaining argument is that a denial of the investment tax credit to members of Sec. 501(d) organizations is contrary to congressional intent. Since the plain language of the Code and its regulations clearly denies to taxpayer the credit he seeks, we survey the legislative record for "clear contrary evidence of legislative intent." National Railroad Passenger Corp. v. National Association of Railroad Passengers, 414 U.S. 453, 458, 94 S. Ct. 690, 693, 38 L. Ed. 2d 646 (1974).

The Sec. 38(a) investment tax credit was enacted as part of the Revenue Act of 1962, Pub.L. No. 87-834, 76 Stat. 960. The credit was intended to spur economic growth by encouraging investment and capital formation. S.Rep. No. 1881, 87th Cong., 2d Sess. 10, reprinted in 1962 U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 3297, 3314. At least one stated objective is fully applicable to taxpayers such as the Hutterites: "The objective of the credit is to reduce the net cost of acquiring new equipment; this will have the effect of increasing the earnings of new facilities over their productive lives and increasing the profitability of productive investment." Id.

By contrast, the stated reason for excluding property used by a tax-exempt organization from section 38 property treatment does not appear to apply very well to the Hutterites or any other Sec. 501(d) organization. The full legislative explanation for the Sec. 48(a)(4) exclusion is as follows:

Property used by a tax-exempt organization (other than in a business to which the unrelated business income tax applies). The limitation on the allowance of the credit in this case is designed to prevent an investment for use in connection with an exempt function from decreasing any tax on an unrelated trade or business.

S.Rep. No. 1881, 87th Cong., 2d Sess. 16, reprinted in 1962 U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 3297, 3319. This legislative purpose has little relevance to Sec. 501(d) organizations because the "unrelated trade or business" concept itself has no application to Sec. 501(d) organizations.

When Congress enacted Sec. 48(a)(4), its apparent focus was upon Sec. 501(c) charitable organizations. These organizations are tax exempt except for business operations that do not relate to the function for which the organization was granted its exemption. I.R.C. Sec. 513(a) defines "unrelated business or trade" as

any trade or business the conduct of which is not substantially related (aside from the need of such organization for income or funds or the use it makes of the profits derived) to the exercise or performance by such organization of its charitable, educational, or other purpose or function constituting the basis for its exemption under Sec. 501 ....

(Emphasis added.) I.R.C. Sec. 511 imposes a tax on this unrelated business income, and Sec. 512 defines the taxable income of an unrelated business or trade. For example, an exempt scientific organization that sells endorsements of laboratory equipment would have its endorsement income taxed, since product endorsement is not substantially related to the purposes for which the organization was granted its exemption. Treas.Reg. Sec. 1.513-1(d)(4)(iv), example (1). The objective of the unrelated business income tax is to prevent unfair competition by tax-exempt organizations when they compete against entities subject to tax. Treas.Reg. Sec. 1.513-1(b); see Bittker & Rahdert, The Exemption of Nonprofit Organizations from Federal Income Taxation, 85 Yale L.J. 299, 316-26 (1976).

Nothing about the doctrine of "unrelated trade or business" has any relevance to a Sec. 501(d) organization because this organization is granted its exemption not because of function, but because of form. It is totally unrestricted in function. Indeed, Sec. 501(d) specifically allows the organizations it exempts to engage in business and thus compete with nonexempt entities. The only requirements for the exemption are that there be a common treasury, that the members of the organization include pro rata shares of organization income when reporting taxable income and, implicitly, that the organization have a religious or apostolic character. Once this requirement of form is fulfilled, the exempt organization is unlimited as to function. It can farm, as the Milford Colony does, or engage in manufacturing, or any other business or combination of businesses. It is definitionally impossible for a Sec. 501(d) organization to have unrelated trade or business income. If the organization had income that it failed to allocate to its members, it would simply lose its exemption altogether.

The unlimited scope of a Sec. 501(d) organization's allowable trade or business supports an inference that Sec. 48(a)(4) has no readily identifiable purposes in excluding Sec. 501(d) organizations from taking advantage of the Sec. 38(a) tax credit. Section 48(a)(4)'s stated purpose is to prevent tax-exempt organizations from using credits from tax-exempt functions to reduce the tax burden on nonexempt functions, and thus establish a competitive advantage that Sec. 511 was designed to eliminate. Since a Sec. 501(d) organization cannot, by definition, have unrelated business income, it accordingly cannot use tax-exempt operations to shelter nonexempt income.3

Our conclusion from this brief statutory exegesis is that the exclusion of Sec. 501(d) organizations from the tax credit offered by Sec. 38(a) does not seem to advance any articulated legislative purpose. But it is equally clear that there is nothing in the legislative record to suggest that Congress meant to exempt Sec. 501(d) organizations from the sweep of Sec. 48(a)(4). The lack of clear contrary legislative intent gives us no choice but to enforce the plain language of the statute.

We cannot put an equitable gloss on the clear language of the Internal Revenue Code. The statutory inequity involved in this case, if there is one, may only be remedied by Congress. We realize that, in light of the Hutterites' religiously based abstention from secular politics, it may ring hollow to advise the members of Milford Colony to go to Congress for relief. But it is from that body alone that relief is available.

AFFIRMED.